The same principle applies to whiskey or wine. In Colossians 2:21, Paul admonished, "Touch not; taste not; handle not.". I agree with Brother Swaggart and Saint Paul. My dear old dad, who is in heaven now, was the Reverend James Ben Gray of the Bartlesville (Ramona) Oklahoma area. He was the second son of a well-known and successful rancher ...May 14, 2024 · A: Frances Swaggart’s journey teaches us the importance of perseverance, determination, and following one’s passion. Her story serves as an inspiration for those who aspire to achieve greatness and make a difference in the world. Frances Swaggart's legacy of faith and dedication to ministry has left an indelible mark on the world.Discover Frances Swaggart's captivating biblical insights, igniting inspiration as she sheds light on current events and social issues.Messages preached under the Anointing of the Holy Spirit live at Family Worship Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Jimmy and Frances Swaggart, Pastors. The uncompromised Gospel of Christ is preached without fail always emphasizing the Message of the Cross. For more information please visit www.sonlifetv.com and www.jsm.org Additional episodes ...Frances Swaggart Age and Birthday. How old is Frances Swaggart? Swaggart is 86 years old as of 2023. She was born on August 9, 1937, in the United States of America. Her birthday is always celebrated on the 9th of August of every year. Swaggart's zodiac birth sign is Leo.Swaggart Biography. Gabriel Swaggart is a well-known American associate pastor at Family Worship Center, the home church and headquarters of Jimmy Swaggart Ministries (JSM), a global evangelism hub founded by his grandparents, Evangelist Jimmy and Frances Swaggart, more than 60 years ago.Host Frances Swaggart along with panel members Donnie Swaggart and Jim Nations begin today's discussion by answering e-mails on the topic of speaking in tong...Frances Swaggart was born on 9 August 1937 in the United States. Career Frances facilitates a daily two-hour TV program, Frances and Friends , on the SonLife Broadcasting Network.by Frances Swaggart; by Jimmy Swaggart; by Donnie Swaggart; by Gabriel Swaggart; by John Rosenstern; by Loren Larson; ... The Modern New Age Church The Promise Of Land To Abraham The Shape of Things The Rest In Reckoning - Part II ... Frances & Friends by mail at: Frances & Friends P.O. Box 262550 Baton Rouge,BOND founder and president, Rev. Jesse Lee Peterson, was interviewed on Sonlife Broadcasting Network on "Frances & Friends" with Frances Swaggart (wife of Jimmy Swaggart), and it was one of the most honest and straight up interviews he has ever done! There are still people out there who love the truth and aren't afraid to put it out there; Frances Swaggart is that type of person.In full: Jimmy Lee Swaggart. Born: March 15, 1935, Ferriday, Louisiana, U.S. (age 89) Founder: SonLife Broadcasting Network. Jimmy Swaggart (born March 15, 1935, Ferriday, Louisiana, U.S.) is an American televangelist and gospel music performer. He was defrocked by the Assemblies of God in 1988 after a sex scandal involving prostitutes.Frances Swaggart. 52,925 likes · 2,925 talking about this. Official Facebook page of Frances SwaggartView Frances Swaggart results in Mississippi (MS) including current phone number, address, relatives, background check report, and property record with Whitepages.Donnie Swaggart biography. How old is Donnie Swaggart? Born on 18th October 1954 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, Donnie Swaggart's age will be 67 years before this year ends. His mother is called Frances, and she is an author and an SBN television host. The evangelist serves in his father's ministry. Photo: @Donnie Swaggart …Feb 2, 2022 · At the age of 17, in 1952, Jimmy Swaggart got married to Frances Anderson. At the time of marriage, his wife was 15 years old. The couple has a son named Donnie Swaggart. He has got three grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren. His son and his grandchildren are also involved in ministerial work.Frances Swaggart shared a video from the playlist Frances and Friends. · April 20, 2022 ·. 4/20/22 Frances & Friends | Join us LIVE for Frances & Friends on the SonLife Broadcasting Network at 9:00AM CT.Frances & Friends - Mar. 18th, 2024. 18-Mar-2024. Today on Frances and Friends, Sister Swaggart and panel discuss the prayer known as the Apostles Creed, and whether reciting it is biblical. The panel responds to an email about the life of Judas and whether at the last moments of his life whether he called upon the name of the Lord.Frances Swaggart Biography. Frances Swaggart is an American television host and author. She is well known for being the wife of Pentecostal televangelist Jimmy Swaggart. She hosts the SBN television series Sonlife program "Frances and Friends".Amen , Thank you Frances Swaggart for sharing this. Because all the people in our Oceans are in war or just come up gone there souls are gone that the way I always look at it, love you and your family God bless you and your family Frances Swaggart. 1h. Natalie Breaux.Donnie Swaggart Biography. Donnie Swaggart an American Evangelist/ Pastor and gospel music performer. He serves as the co-pastor of Family Worship Centre Church in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Donnie Swaggart Age. ... Donnie as born to Evangelist Jimmy Swaggart and Frances Swaggart.Jimmy Swaggart Wiki, Age, Bio, Height, Wife, Career, and Net Worth. Updated On November 1, 2023 0. Jimmy Swaggart is a well-known American Pentecostal evangelist. He is also an author, pastor, pianist, and Christian music singer. ... Jimmy Swaggart married Frances Anderson in 1952 when he was 17 years old. His wife was 15 years old when they ...The question came up today on why the people of the United States would not be required to take the mark of the beast. The reason, the Bible plainly tells us, is that the portion of the world that...Christmas Traditions in France - Christmas traditions in France have a typical French flair. Learn how Christmas is celebrated in France, including how families trim their trees. A...Donnie Swaggart Age. He was born on October 18, 1954, as the only son of Evangelist Jimmy Swaggart and Frances Swaggart. He was born and raised in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.Pastor Gabriel Swaggart Gabriel Swaggart Biography. Gabriel Swaggart serves as an associate pastor at Family Worship Center, the home church and headquarters of Jimmy Swaggart Ministries (JSM), a global evangelism organization founded more than 60 years ago by his grandparents, Evangelist Jimmy and Frances Swaggart.Frances Swaggart is the wife of Evangelist Jimmy Swaggart and is Co-Pastor, and Co-founder of Family Worship Center. Frances hosts the popular "Frances and Friends" talk show seen daily on the SonLife Broadcasting Network.She is also an integral part of the day-to-day functioning of the ministry as a whole and has written articles on many subjects.Gabriel Swaggart Net Worth Possibly $1 Million â€" $5 Million Gabriel Swaggart's Wiki: Lives With Wife! A grandchild of Evangelist Jimmy Swaggart, and Frances Swaggart, Gabriel Swaggart is recognized as the associate pastor of the Family Worship Center, Jimmy Swaggart Ministries’ headquarters. Since 2002, he has been involved in ministry as a full-time pastor andBy: Jimmy Swaggart: On October 10th, 2019, Frances and I will have been married 67 years. Other than my Salvation, she is the greatest thing that's ever happened to me, and I think the greatest thing that's ever happened to the Work of God.Jimmy is also a co-founder of the Family Worship Centre, a fully integrated Gospel Church located in Lousiana which is the spiritual headquarters of the community and Ministry. Moreover, Frances is a C0-founder and co-paster of the church. Frances Swaggart Age. She was born on August 9, 1937, in the United States. Frances is 84 years old.Frances and Friends airs M-F at 9AM. Frances and Friends is hosted by Frances Swaggart. The Frances and Friends live broadcast is a talk-show format that deals with current events, doctrinal questions and information relevant to the viewer today. With a panel of Bible teachers, ministers, scholars and advisers, the program includes guest ...Pastor Gabriel Swaggart Gabriel Swaggart Biography. Gabriel Swaggart serves as an associate pastor at Family Worship Center, the home church and headquarters of Jimmy Swaggart Ministries (JSM), a global evangelism organization founded more than 60 years ago by his grandparents, Evangelist Jimmy and Frances Swaggart.Frances Anderson Swaggart's biography. Source: Facebook. Frances was born on August 9, 1937, in the United States of America. The actual state where she was born remains undisclosed. In addition, details about her parents and siblings are also a mystery.Baloise Holding AG / Key word(s): Bond Baloise successfully issues its second Swiss Franc senior green bond 05.07.2022 / 07:00... Baloise Holding AG / Key word(s): B...Jimmy's wife, Frances, also was very active in trying to bring down Bakker and PTL. Frances knew that The Charlotte Observer had been writing unfavorable articles about Jim Bakker and the PTL for several years. A young man named Jerald Ogg, Jr. joined the staff JSM in 1983. Ogg Jr. had a law degree and a journalism degree.Tara Montpetit May 10, 1981. As of 2024, she is around 43 years old. Introduction : Tara Montpetit is one the singers for Jimmy Swaggart Ministries. Her role is credited as a Soprano, which is the role of the singer with the highest pitch. Besides singing, Tara also does skincare consulting as mentioned on her… Read More »Tara Montpetit Husband, Married, Baby, Wikipedia, Family, Wedding :: BioIn 1950, at the age of 15, Jimmy Swaggart preached his first sermon. He was greatly influenced by his father, who was a well-known Pentecostal preacher. In 1954, Swaggart married his childhood sweetheart, Frances Anderson.Frances Swaggart · 6h · Social media and other venues are trying to link the April 8 solar eclipse to Bible places like Nineveh and to prophecy as some sort of sign. ... Thank you, Frances. You are an amazing biblical scholar, we love you & Brother Jimmy. And God speaking through your son Donnie, is such a light in this dark world. 9m ...About Frances Swaggart. On October 10th, 2019, Frances and I will have been married 67 years. Other than my Salvation, she is the greatest thing that’s ever happened to me, and I think the greatest thing that’s ever happened to the Work of God. I have said many times about her, I believe she has the talent and the ability to run General ...Frances & Friends is hosted by Frances Swaggart. The Frances & Friends live broadcast is a talk-show format that deals with current events, doctrinal questions and information relevant to the viewer today. With a panel of Bible teachers, ministers, scholars and advisers, the program includes guest interviews, book reviews, news information and ...Frances Swaggart is 86 yrs old and lives on Highland Rd in Baton Rouge, LA. Past homes found in Baton Rouge LA. Address, phone, email & criminal records 100% FREE! ... Christina Swaggart Age 37 (Oct 1986) Donnie Swaggart Age 69 (Oct 1954) Gabriel Swaggart Age 44 (Sep 1979) Jennifer Mullis Age 46 (May 1977) Jill Swaggart Age 36 (Jan 1987)Frances Swaggart · November 18 at 3:00 AM · · November 18 at 3:00 AM ·Mar 19, 2024 · Marriage and Children : Gabriel married his wife Jill on December 4, 2004. Together they have three daughters: Samantha Gabrielle (born November 14, 2006) ; Abby Jill (born February 1, 2010) ; and Caroline Frances (born on October 15, 2013). Currently, the family lives in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Gabriel frequently travels for work.Frances Swaggart. With over four decades of ministry experience, Frances Swaggart has shared her powerful message of faith and redemption with millions of followers. Whether you're in search of spiritual guidance, empowering insights, or simply a good read, Frances Swaggart has something truly special to offer. Read Full Biography.What is the age of Frances swaggart? Updated: 8/31/2023. Wiki User. ∙ 9y ago. Add an answer. Want this question answered? Be notified when an answer is posted. 📣 Request Answer. Add your answer:Frances Swaggart is the beautiful wife of Jimmy Swaggart and is Co-Pastor, and Co -founder of Family Worship Center. Frances hosts the popular "Frances and Friends" talk show seen daily on the SonLife Broadcasting Network. She is also an integral part of the day to day functioning of the ministry as a whole.Swaggart published Religious Rock n Roll: A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing, in 1985. Music. In 1980, Swaggart received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Gospel Performance, Traditional for his album Worship. Family. Since October 10, 1952, Swaggart has been married to Frances Swaggart (née Anderson, born August 9, 1937). They have one son, Donnie ...Born into the influential Swaggart family, Donnie was exposed to the world of evangelism from a young age. His father, Jimmy Swaggart, is a Pentecostal pastor, and his mother, Frances Swaggart, is a television host. This early exposure to faith and public ministry shaped Donnie's life and career.Mini Biography. Jimmy Swaggart was created on March 15, 1935 in Ferriday, Louisiana, USA. He continues to be wedded to Frances Anderson since Oct 10, 1952. They possess one child. Known for movies. Jimmy Swaggart 1977 as Himself. The Rachel Maddow Show 2010 as Himself ...View Frances Swaggart results including current phone number, address, relatives, background check report, and property record with Whitepages. ... Filter by age. All Ages ; 18-29 ; 30-39 ; 40-49 ; 50-59 ; 60-69 ; 70-79 ; 80+ Filter Results. Include past locations Apply. state. Mississippi (2) Frances Swaggart 2 people ...You can now enjoy programs like Family Worship Center Live, The Message of the Cross, Frances and Friends, A Study In The Word and The Classic Crusades right in the SBN Now app! Features Include: Live Streams and Video On Demand. Search Feature allow you to search by speaker or singer. Closed Captioning. Offline Viewing within the app to take ...Gabriel Swaggart Age. He was born on September 19, 1979, in Baton Rouge, ... Samantha Gabrielle, Abby Jill, and Caroline Frances. The family lives in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States. Gabriel Swaggart Wedding. Gabriel and Jill exchanged their wedding vows on December 4, 2004. They first met in college and dated for a few years before their ...Title: Frances Swaggart's Net Worth: Exploring the Wealth of a Prominent Figure ... She grew up in a religious family and developed a deep passion for the Christian faith from an early age. Frances completed her education and went on to become an integral part of her husband's ministry, providing invaluable support and guidance. 2. Musical ...In full: Jimmy Lee Swaggart. Born: March 15, 1935, Ferriday, Louisiana, U.S. (age 89) Founder: SonLife Broadcasting Network. Jimmy Swaggart (born March 15, 1935, Ferriday, Louisiana, U.S.) is an American televangelist and gospel music performer. He was defrocked by the Assemblies of God in 1988 after a sex scandal involving prostitutes.The net worth of Jimmy Swaggart is $14 million.His annual income is estimated to be $1.2 million. Jimmy Swaggart is a well-known Televangelist and Minister who is known for his adherence and devotion to Christianity and for spreading the Do and Don'ts as mentioned in the Bible.ABOUT Frances & Friends; ABOUT Frances Swaggart; UPCOMING GUESTS; ARTICLES. by Frances Swaggart; by Jimmy Swaggart; by Donnie Swaggart; ... New Age Connections of the Purpose Driven Church February - Testing The Spirit ... Frances & Friends by mail at: Frances & Friends P.O. Box 262550 Baton Rouge,Jimmy Swaggart Wife. Swaggart married his wife Frances Anderson Swaggart in 1952 at the age of 17 whereas his wife was 15 years old. The couple met in church while he was playing music with his father. Together, they have a son named Donnie Swaggart. According to Swaggart’s autobiography, they lived in poverty during the 1950s.Jimmy Swaggart Wiki, Age, Bio, Height, Wife, Career, and Net Worth. Updated On November 1, 2023 0. Jimmy Swaggart is a well-known American Pentecostal evangelist. He is also an author, pastor, pianist, and Christian music singer. ... Jimmy Swaggart married Frances Anderson in 1952 when he was 17 years old. His wife was …The 9,337-square-foot property owned by Jimmy and Frances features a luxurious four-columned Jacuzzi adorned with a gold swan that gracefully releases water into an eight-foot-long tub. Early Life and Biography. Jimmy Swaggart spent his childhood in the small town of Ferriday, Louisiana, alongside his family.Jimmy Swaggart Wife. Swaggart married his wife Frances Anderson Swaggart in 1952 at the age of 17 whereas his wife was 15 years old. The couple met in church while he was playing music with his father. Together, they have a son named Donnie Swaggart. According to Swaggart’s autobiography, they lived in poverty during the 1950s.Jimmy Swaggart Age. Jimmy was born on March 15, 1935, in Ferriday, Louisiana, United States. Jimmy Swaggart Career. ... Swaggart is married to his wife Frances Anderson Swaggart. The duo got married in 1952 at the age of 17 while his wife was 15 years old. The duo first met in church while he was playing music with his father.Debbie Swaggart Biography and Wiki. Debbie Swaggart is an American media personality popularly known as the celebrity spouse of the American Pastor, Evangelist, and Gospel musician Donnie Swaggart. Donnie is the only son of Evangelist Jimmy Swaggart and his wife Frances.God's plan is predestined, but people are not. Today on Frances and Friends, Sister Swaggart and panel discuss Calvinism and Arminianism. French Theologian John Calvin, lived in the 1500's, and is behind Calvinism, and its theology, which includes the belief that a person is preselected by God of whether they will or will not go to heaven.Debbie Swaggart Children. She is a proud mother of three children, two sons, and one daughter. Debbie’s son Gabriel Swaggart is an American actor and a pastor who is married to his wife Jill. They are blessed with three amazing daughters named Abby Jill, Samantha Gabriella, and Caroline Frances. Her other son Matthew Swaggart is also a ...It is the Spirit of the Age: Tolerance at the Expense of Truth. ... >> Jimmy Swaggart Ministries >> SonLife Broadcasting Network >> Watch Frances & Friends ... >> The Evangelist >> New Products: CONTACT You can get in touch with Frances & Friends by mail at: Frances & Friends P.O. Box 262550 Baton Rouge, LA 70826 OR by EmailHow old is Frances Swaggart now? Frances Swaggart's age in 2022 is 85 years old. She was born on 9 August 1937. Her zodiac sign is Leo. There is no information on Frances Swaggart's education, including her high school. Career. The televangelist was devoted to God from her teenage age. She is now the co-founder and co-pastor of the Family ...Frances Swaggart, wife of the evangelist, allegedly called Gorman a few hours later and arranged a meeting for the next day at a suburban hotel with the Swaggarts, their son, Donnie, and a lawyer ...Jimmy Swaggart, when used to go to church to do Bible study he found a girl named Frances Anderson. He was 17 years old when he first saw Frances, a 15-year-old girl. They married in 1952 in the church where they used to go. They have a beautiful son, Donnie Swaggart. Jimmy named his son on the name of his late brother, who died in infancy.Gabriel Swaggart Bio, Age, Wife, Height, Wedding, House, Net Worth. Gabriel Swaggart is an associate pastor and host of the internationally known weekly Sonlife Broadcasting Network show Generation of the Cros. Youth Conference. Youth Pastor. Three Daughters. Youth Group. 40 Years Old. German Shepherd Dogs. Forbes. Net Worth. Gabriel.Frances Swaggart. · May 1, 2015 ·. UPDATE: As you may have heard on Biblethon this morning, Sister Swaggart had to have surgery this morning on her both of her knees. She is out of surgery and recovering. The doctors were very pleased with the procedure.Jimmy Swaggart. Director: Frances and Friends. Jimmy Swaggart was born on 15 March 1935 in Ferriday, Louisiana, USA. He is a director and writer, known for Frances and Friends (1992), The Swaggart Seduction (2014) and Jimmy Swaggart (1977). He has been married to Frances Orella Anderson since 10 October 1952. They have one child.CONTACT You can get in touch with Frances & Friends by mail at: Frances & Friends P.O. Box 262550 Baton Rouge, LA 70826 OR by Email [email protected] did jimmy swaggart passed away show; How old is jimmy swaggart now; When Did Jimmy Swaggart Passed Away.Com. Wife/Spouse: Frances Anderson Swaggart. They created the television network in 2009. In 1973 he added a weekly television program. Robin Herd CBE, F1, Indycar and Can-Am designer has died after a long illness at the age of 80.The praise and worship during last night's service was so joyful and uplifting, you could just see the Lord ministering to people, especially when my...I want to share a testimony with you: "I was hooked on drugs for many years, and I tried to stop, I honestly tried to stop many times, and each time I ended up in the hospital because the withdrawal...Donnie Swaggart Age . How old is Donnie Swaggart? Swaggart is 68 years old as of October 2022.He was born on October 18, 1954, the only son of Evangelist Jimmy Swaggart and Frances Swaggart.Sarah's promise was a son, but when the promise delayed, she found a surrogate. Ishmael was the result, and when the promised child Isaac did arrive, Sarah saw Ishmael mocking her son, to the point that her solution nearly killed her promise. In this powerful book, Frances Swaggart uncovers the mockery now taking place in the nation and in ...Frances Swaggart is the beautiful wife of Jimmy Swaggart and is Co-Pastor, and Co -founder of Family Worship Center. Frances hosts the popular "Frances and Friends" talk show seen daily on the SonLife Broadcasting Network. She is also an integral part of the day to day functioning of the ministry as a whole.Swaggart's personal residence, as of 2012, is located in one of Baton Rouge's most affluent neighborhoods. Three residences, a gazebo, a pond, and twenty landscaped acres make up the sprawling estate. Jimmy and Frances' 9,337-square-foot property also has a four-columned Jacuzzi with a gold swan spouting water into an eight-foot-long tub.Wife of Donnie Swaggart: Age: 52-years old: Birthday: NA: Birthplace: United States: Birth Sign: NA: Nationality: American: Ethnicity: Mixed: Religion: Christianity: ... Frances Swaggart is her stepmother, and Jimmy Swaggart is her stepfather. Body Measurements & Weight. She is 5 feet 5 inches tall, or 1.65 meters or 165 centimeters. Her weighs ...Debbie Swaggart has a famous husband. She is well known as Donnie Swaggarts wife. Donnie Swaggart is the son of Jimmy Swaggart, a well-known American Pentecostal preacher. Similarly, his mother, Frances Swaggart. Donnie bears the same evangelistic enthusiasm and mantle as his father, but he has his own dynamic and hard-hitting preaching style. Explore DebbieJan 3, 2021 · Frances Swaggart Biography. Frances Swaggart is the wife of evangelist Jimmy Swaggart. She hosts the popular SonLife Radio program, Frances and Friends. She was born on August 9, 1937. Frances Swaggart Age. She was born on August 9, 1937. Frances Swaggart Husband. She is the wife of evangelist Jimmy Swaggart. They met in church while Jimmy was ...Jimmy and Frances Swaggart's wedding pictures are a fascinating glimpse into the love story of two iconic figures in the world of evangelism. These photographs not only capture the joy and excitement of their special day but also give us a rare insight into their personal lives, showcasing the couple's vibrant personalities and deep commitment to their faith.Donnie Swaggart Age . How old is Donnie Swaggart? Swaggart is 68 years old as of October 2022.He was born on October 18, 1954, the only son of Evangelist Jimmy Swaggart and Frances Swaggart. The Evangelist was born and raised in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Don Swaggart Family. Donnie is the only son born to Evangelist Jimmy …Brother Mike Muzzerall answers this way: "Basically, the age of accountability begins at the age in which a child sufficiently understands right from wrong and can make a proper decision between accepting Christ or rejecting Christ. For some children, that age is two or three years old. For others, it is older.Welcome to the official website of Evangelist Jimmy Swaggart, containing details of the Family Worship Center and the SonLife Broadcasting Network, including direct links to the websites of Frances Swaggart, Evangelist Donnie Swaggart, Pastor Gabriel Swaggart and other extensions of the ministry. The website also contains our ‘Shop’, where ...Frances Swaggart Biography Frances Swaggart is the wife of evangelist Jimmy Swaggart. She hosts the popular SonLife Radio program, Frances. Read moreFrances is the author of a couple of books, namely 'The M, Frances Swaggart (m. 1952) Kids/Children Name: Yes (Donnie Swaggart) Profession: Ame, Frances Swaggart Age. She was born on August 9, 1937, Gabriel Swaggart is single. He is not dating anyone currently. Gabriel had at least 1 relationship in the past. Gab, Frances Swaggart's Photos. Tagged photos. Albums. Frances Swaggart. 51,665 likes · 3,595 talking about this. , Frances Swaggart shared a video from the playlist Frances and Friends. &#, Who is Frances Swaggart? Frances Swaggart is a TV personality, author and she is known for being t, Jill Swaggart Biography, Wikipedia, Age, Family, H, Sep 21, 2022 · How Old is Frances Swaggart ? | Age, Frances Swaggart is the beautiful wife of Jimmy Swaggart and is Co-Pa, Frances Swaggart. Donald Trump is facing a Monday deadline to put up, Jimmy Lee Swaggart was born March 15, 1935, in Ferrida, Frances Anderson Swaggart’s biography. Source: Facebook. Frances , Gabriel Swaggart, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 104,456 likes · 2,480 talki, He, along with Frances and Donnie, lived in poverty during , She is best known for being the wife of Jimmy Swagga, Jill Swaggart is a highly acclaimed gospel singer, author a, Read the latest tech news in France on TechCrunch.