Here are the specifications of the 1988 $20 bills: Denomination of bills: $20; Type: reserve notes bill; The portrait used in the bill: Andrew Jackson; Bill Series: 1934 20USD, 1934A 20USD, 1934B 20USD, 1934C 20USD, and 1934D 20USD. How Much Is A 1988 Bill Worth With Inflation Calculated?Old Twenty Dollar Bill Value Sell Old Currency. Preview. 2 hours ago All things equal, 1928 $20 gold seals tend to be the most valuable of the three seal colors. Any twenty dollar bill that has a serial number that begins or ends with a star symbol has a chance to be valuable. Keep in mind that brown seal 1929 … See Also: Bill value by serial number Show detailsSee full list on uscurrency.gov1988 A $1 FEDERAL RESERVE NOTE NEW YORK RADAR SERIAL NUMBER PCGS B GEM 65 PPQ. $59.99. ... ( TRINARY RADAR )) $20 NC 12522521 A - FANCY SERIAL NUMBER $20 DOLLAR BILL NOTE. $31.17. $5.55 shipping. 0 bids. 31m 15s. ... Fancy Serial Number $1 Dollar Bill Radar Palindrome Binary Star Note A03887883* $19.99. or Best Offer. $5.15 shipping (( RADAR ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us.These are bills that have a serial number with a year, a date, or both. Something like 41969780 (with “1969” tucked away in the center) or 02141951 (Valentine’s Day in 1951). Near ladders. A near-miss on a ladder like 91345678. Ladder repeaters. Serial numbers with close-by patterns like 36383837.USPaperMoney.Info: Series 2017A $20. The numbers in the table are the first and last notes printed in the given month for the given FRB. Colors indicate notes printed at Washington, DC or Fort Worth, TX. All serial numbers in this series begin with P. Serial numbers above 96000000 are not used; thus for example PE96000000A is followed by ...USPaperMoney.Info: Series 1977 $20. The numbers in the table are the first and last notes printed in the given month for the given FRB. Colors indicate the production method: COPE notes are listed in black and conventional ones in green (for an explanation, see the page on COPE and conventional serials). Serial numbers above 99840000 are not ...2. Verify the Color-Changing Ink. Color-changing ink can be found on the obverse side of the bill on the numeral "20" located on the lower right corner. When you hold the bill up at an angle, the color should change from copper to green. Color-changing ink was first added to the $20 bill in 1996. 3.The fancy serial number checker's "Coolness Index" raises a lot of questions. What does 90% mean, what about 95%, is it worth something? The Coolness Index was invented by CoolNumbers.com. In summary, the UCI is just a for-fun metric based on "interesting properties" that a number might have.The notes marked with the letter 'R' designated regular paper, while notes marked with the letter 'S' designated special paper. Only 1,184,000 of each type of note was printed. Genuine Experimental Red Letter R notes will have serial numbers S70884001C to S72068000C. [X] $85.-$175. $400.+ 1935A: Silver CertificateValuation of two-dollar bills, and many other types of paper currency, is based on four main factors: the year, signature combination, the serial number and the condition. Bills fr...12 Varieties with Star Serial Numbers. See Also: If your note doesn't match try: 1. 1969A $20 Federal Reserve Note 2. 1969B $20 Federal Reserve Note 3. 1969C $20 Federal Reserve Note 4. 1974 $20 Federal Reserve Note 5. 1977 $20 Federal Reserve NoteGet the best deals on 1988 $20 US Federal Reserve Small Notes when you shop the largest online selection at eBay.com. Free shipping on ... DBR 1988-A $10 FRN Cleveland STAR Fr. 2028-D* Legacy VF-20 Serial D01635562* $51.95. or Best Offer. ... 1988 series A 20 dollar bill F01580672A Circulated Old Style. $40.00. or Best Offer. Free shipping ...Serial Number Range. Signatures Governor/Secretary to Treasury. $50. AA 23 – EA 23. 0000001. 1433185. Lowe/Kennedy. $50. AA 23 – EA 23.DBR 1977 $20 FRN STAR New York Fr. 2072-B* PCGS-B 63 PPQ Serial B01347739* ... Free shipping. Sponsored Sponsored Ad. 1977 $20 dollar bill Star notes 10 consecutive number uncirculated! Very Rare. $2,495.00. or Best Offer. Free shipping. 14 watching. Sponsored Sponsored Ad. DBR 1977 $20 FRN Minneapolis STAR Fr. 2072-I* PCGS 35 PPQ Serial ...It's time to turn in your old Canadian paper money. The government is removing the status of old Canadian bills in an effort to reduce counterfeiting since they lack the security features that current in-print bills have. As of January 1, 2021, you can no longer use these discontinued Canadian bills in transactions: $1, $2, $25, $500, and $1,000.Serial Numbers. A unique combination of eleven numbers and letters appears twice on the front of the note. Series Year. The design includes series years 1996, 1999, an d 2001. For more information about U.S. currency visit www.uscurrency.gov. Additional Design and Security Features. $20 Note. Issued 1998 - 20037777 Four 7's. Unique Serial Number G77770550D Uncirculated Dollar Bill. + $1.87 shipping. $20 Dollar Bill US Currency , Fancy, Rare & Lucky $$$. Serial Number, 77777564. + $5.25 shipping.Their value ranges from Very Fine (20-35) $6 to GEM CU (65) $18. If your 1988 five dollar bill is a star replacement note, then one in Very Fine (20-35) condition is worth about $20 and a GEM CU (65) is worth $50. You can tell it's a star replacement note by checking the serial number. They look something like this: A00076001*.Issued 1990 - 1998. Security Features. For information about the $20 note issued from 1914 - 1990, click here. All U.S. currency remains legal tender, regardless of when it was issued. For information about the $20 note issued from 1914 - 1990, click here.The 1969 20-dollar bill measured 7.4218 inches wide by 3.125 inches tall and had a thickness of 0.0043 inches. This made it slightly smaller in size compared to previous and later $20 bills. Despite its smaller size, the 1969 20-dollar bill weighed about 1 gram, which was on par with other $20 bills before and after it.India’s government is embarking on an ambitious program to make food a legal right for two-thirds of its 1.2 billion population. The Food Security Bill, which was passed by ordinan...1934 $20 WW2 Brown Seal 2. 1934A $20 WW2 Brown Seal 3. 1929 $20 National Bank Notes 4. 1934A $20 Federal Reserve Note 5. 1934B $20 Federal Reserve Note 6. 1934C $20 Federal Reserve Note: Example Rarity: San Francisco FRN with "Hawaii" Surcharge, seal and signatures, signatures Julian - Morgenthau with Brown seal. Important: Star serial number.2. Are all 1988 $20 bills valuable? Not all 1988 $20 bills are valuable. Bills that have been heavily circulated, damaged, or lack any significant errors typically have a value close to their face value. 3. What makes a 1988 $20 bill rare? Certain factors contribute to the rarity of a 1988 $20 bill, including errors in printing, low serial ...Of those 2,000 bills, 100 were signed by the artist and framed. The artist was the acclaimed Charles Boyer. This rare Disney Dollar has been nicknamed simply "The Boyer" in his honor. A recent search on eBay found a few of these bills in great condition with asking prices between $3,400 and $9,000!May 84. End Series 1981 $20. Note that for each district there is a gap in the range of serial numbers printed. In October 1983, the BEP increased the size of its standard press run, and serial numbering in each district was restarted at 00000001 of the next unused block. The serial number ranges from B 230 40001 D to B 332 80000 D and G 230 ...Serial numbers contain 8 numerical digits. ... General large-size $20 bills pre-1929 — $75+ in worn condition; ... Consider, for the matter, worn Series 1981, 1985, 1988, and 1993 $1 star notes — they are worth $2.50 to $5 or more! Older star notes are worth a little more money. For example, Series 1957 $1 Silver Certificate star notes are ...December 04, 1950 Birthday Note Fancy Serial Number $20 Dollar Bill. Shipped with USPS Ground Advantage.These bills in circulated condition won't be worth more than their face value of $20. They will only sell for a premium in uncirculated condition. Star notes can sell for higher prices. Most 1999 series $20 bills are worth around $30 in uncirculated condition with a grade of MS 63.Get the best deals for 1977 20 dollar bill at eBay.com. We have a great online selection at the lowest prices with Fast & Free shipping on many items! ... Shop by category. Enter your search keyword ... 1981 Series 20 Dollar Bill Serial Number B87906940A. Opens in a new window or tab. $250.00. kmedwards1093 (258) 100%. Buy It Now. Free shipping.Bank of Canada 1954 Twenty Dollar Bill. Description: 1954 $20 bills were issued as "devils face" and as "modified portrait" notes. We show examples of both types in our picture guide below. If you look at Queen Elizabeth's hair then you can see a shape that looks like a hook nose, bushy eye brows, and snarled lips.Get the best deals for Matching Serial Number Bills at eBay.com. We have a great online selection at the lowest prices with Fast & Free shipping on many items! ... 3 $1 1988 & 2003 Matching Low Serial Numbers Federal Reserve Bank Bills #8401. Opens in a new window or tab. $307.99. ... 2017 A $20 Star Note 2017 $1 Bill Matching Serial Number ...5 Varieties with Star Serial Numbers. See Also: If your note doesn't match try: 1. 1985 $20 Federal Reserve Note 2. 1988A $20 Federal Reserve Note 3. 1990 $20 Federal Reserve Note 4. 1993 $20 Federal Reserve Note 5. 1995 $20 Federal Reserve Note 6. 1996 $20 Federal Reserve NoteAll Disney Dollars, except Proofs, have unique serial numbers to their series (eg. Pirates of The Caribbean) and denomination (eg. $1, $5, $10, $50). The serial number consists of a prefix, followed by a number (and possibly a suffix). Bear in mind matching sets, different denominations with the same serial number in the same set, can be quite ...There are only 11,430 occurrences of a Binary Fancy Serial in a 99,999 ,999 note run. I have a 2017 $20 Bill it's a s starting a serial number serial number NK 0232-2736 star up under the serial number is k11 what is the value of that $20 bill if any. Well for starters you could ...2 Varieties with Star Serial Numbers. See Also: If your note doesn't match try: 1. 1990 $20 Federal Reserve Note 2. 1993 $20 Federal Reserve Note 3. 1996 $20 Federal Reserve Note 4. 1999 $20 Federal Reserve Note 5. 2001 $20 Federal Reserve Note: Other Info: 1. Printed in Washington, D.C. 2. Printed in Fort Worth, TX$20; $50; $100; Banknote Identifiers; History; Older-Design Banknotes; Educational Materials expand sub-menu. Download Materials; Order Materials; Training Resources expand sub-menu. Training Course; Cash Assist Mobile App; K-5 Classrooms expand sub-menu. Currency Academy; Lesson Plans; Money Adventure Mobile App; 6 - 8 …Certificates from 1928 with a star symbol in the serial number are extremely valuable, commanding between $12,500 and $17,000 for "extremely fine condition 40." Alternatively, the 1934 silver ...The Federal Reserve Board of Governors in Washington DC. Year $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 $500 to $10,000 Total; 2022: $14.3: $3.0: $17.5: $23.3: $230.2Sep 21, 2023 · Here are the different types of serial numbers that may increase the value of your paper money: 1. Low Serial Numbers – The lower the serial number, the more valuable your currency may be to collectors. Notes with very low serial numbers, like those less than 100 (00000100) or 1,000 (00001000) could be worth quite a lot of money!Series 1988 A 20 dollar bill (4) bsharp0256. (554) 100% positive. Seller's other items. Contact seller. US $395.00. or Best Offer. No Interest if paid in full in 6 mo on $99+ with PayPal Credit*.All twenty dollar bills from 1926 have a chance to be expensive and rare. The things that affect the value are the serial number, issuing bank, and condition. All $20 national bank notes from 1926 started at serial number one. If your note is the #1 note then it will be worth a significant premium. All antique money is valued based on its ...1988A $1 Federal Reserve Note PMG 65EPQ gem near sold serial number 32333333. $215.00. Free shipping. 1988 A $1 FEDERAL RESERVE NOTE ST. LOUIS SMALL LADDER SERIAL 5432 PMG GEM 66 EPQ. $69.99. Free shipping.Search CoinWeek. Home Paper Money How ... $20 Bill from the Series 1988-A. There were no Series of 1988 $20 bills issued, ... features a repeater serial number of 68686868. It is one of ...All $1 | Previous $1: Series 1988 | Next $1: Series 1993 Other Series 1988A: $5 | $10 | $20. The numbers in the table are the first and last notes printed in the given month for the given FRB. Colors indicate notes printed at Washington, DC or Fort Worth, TX. Serial numbers above 96000000, or ending with letters O or Z, are not used; thus for ...Serial number ranges for the web press notes that the BEP was printing a number of years ago. Partial data on the serial ranges for the SOI $20 notes in Series 2006 through 2013. Partial data on the serial ranges for the LEPE vs. COPE $2 notes in Series 2013. An explanation of the earlier differences between COPE and conventional overprinting.Red. $2400.-$3400. $4100.+. $10. Solid Serial Solid Serial Numbers. 11111111 22222222 33333333 44444444 55555555 66666666 77777777 88888888 99999999. Only 9 combinations of Solid serial numbers exist for every hundred million notes printed. [X] Green.The first United States 20 dollar bill issued August 1861 to April 1862 was called a Demand Note. At that time, the US needed more money to pay for things during the American Civil war. For example, to pay the people who worked for the government and the soldiers. These Demand Notes had a unique look. On the back, they had green colored ink ...This sale featured a 1995 Twenty Dollar Bill with an ascending ladder serial number, specifically 23456789. Graded as PCGS Superb Gem New 67PPQ, the bill fetched a price of $2,160. The ascending ladder serial number, ranking as the second most sought-after fancy number type, contributed to its allure and increased its market value.Categories US Paper Currency Tags $20 dollar bill errors list, $20 dollar bill watermark, 20 dollar bill serial number lookup value, fake old 20 dollar bill, how to check counterfeit money with pen, How to detect fake $20 bills at home, new $20 dollar bill, real 20 dollar bill1988 $20 dollar bill serial number lookup series# 1988 $20 dollar bill serial number lookup series# One hundred dollar bill series 1890 featuring David Farragut Federal government, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commonsįeaturing U.S. $100 ‘Baby Watermelon’ Treasury Note (1890) Only seven of these bills are known to exist, and General George Gordon Meade is on it.When the folded part is opened there is a blank streak or line where the paper was folded. Though simple gutter folds, similar to this 1950A Federal Reserve note are common, large gutter folds can be quite spectacular. Approximate value range for this simple gutter fold: $30 - $65. United States Paper Money Errors: A Comprehensive Catalog ...Solid serial number: The entire number is made up of the same number except for the prefix. Serial number 1-10: A serial number that is one of the first 10 notes printed. Repeater serial number: At least two digits repeat at least two times within the serial number. Radar serial number: A serial number that reads the same forward and …VAR New Member. Hello, I recently came across a 20 dollar bill and the serial number bleeds through to the reverse of the bank note and I was wondering if this is rare and what the estimated value is. I don't own a nice camera so the bleeding of the serial number is a bit stronger. Also under the top left serial number it says F6 in black and ...USPaperMoney.Info: Series 1996 $100. The numbers in the table are the first and last notes printed in the given month for the given FRB. All Series 1996 $100's were printed at Washington, DC. All serial numbers in this series begin with A. Serial numbers above 99200000, or ending with letters O or Z, are not used; thus for example AE99200000A ...In today’s fast-paced world, businesses and consumers alike rely heavily on technology. From smartphones to appliances, almost everything we use has a unique identification code kn...By Paper Money Guaranty. February 18, 2020. A woman who made a purchase at the January 2020 Florida United Numismatists (FUN) Show in Orlando got an unexpected bonus in her change: a $20 bill with ...Examples of an ascending serial number, and a descending serial number. Example of a ascending and descending serial number. Example of a descending and ascending serial note. Another group of notes which are collected by paper money enthusiasts are notes with low serial numbers. Generally, it is considered that a banknote with a serial number ...12 Varieties with Star Serial Numbers. See Also: If your note doesn't match try: 1. 1969 $20 Federal Reserve Note 2. 1969A $20 Federal Reserve Note 3. 1969B $20 Federal Reserve Note 4. 1969C $20 Federal Reserve Note 5. 1977 $20 Federal Reserve Note 6. 1981 $20 Federal Reserve Note 7. 1981A $20 Federal Reserve NoteA letter and number beneath the left serial number identifies the distributing Federal Reserve Bank. Microprinting Look carefully (magnification may be necessary) to see the small printed text USA20 along the border of the first three letters of the blue TWENTY USA ribbon to the right of the portrait and THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 20 USA 20 ...You can tell if you have a star note by looking to see if there is a star symbol at the end of the serial number. The 1990 series $50 star notes are worth around $125 in uncirculated condition with an MS 63 grade. ... 1988 50 Dollar Bill 1985 50 Dollar Bill. SilverRecyclers.com is not a dealer or refiner. We do not buy or sell precious metal.USPaperMoney.Info: Series 1988A $20. The numbers in the table are the first and last notes printed in the given month for the given FRB. All Series 1988A $20's were printed at Washington, DC. Serial numbers above 96000000 are not used; thus for example A96000000A is followed by A00000001B. (Exception: the J..1988 A $1 FEDERAL RESERVE NOTE NEW YORK RADAR SERIAL NUMBER PCGS B GEM 65 PPQ. $59.99. ... ( TRINARY RADAR )) $20 NC 12522521 A - FANCY SERIAL NUMBER $20 DOLLAR BILL NOTE. $31.17. $5.55 shipping. 0 bids. 31m 15s. ... Fancy Serial Number $1 Dollar Bill Radar Palindrome Binary Star Note A03887883* $19.99. or Best Offer. $5.15 shipping (( RADAR ...Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for 1988 A $20 Twenty Dollar Bill Federal Reserve at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products! ... Enter your search keyword. Advanced: Daily Deals; Brand Outlet; Help & Contact ; Sell; Watchlist ... Serial Number. B 90032650 J. Seller assumes all responsibility ...One of the most valuable dollar bill variations in the world, called a "ladder" in collector's parlance, could be worth about $6,000, according to the Penny Hoarder website: "When the serial number ascends (e.g. Side Gig: Earn Up To $200/Hour With This Easy-To-Start Job, No College Degree Requiredįind Out: How To Get Cash Back on Your ...Get the best deals for 20 dollar bill serial number at eBay.com. We have a great online selection at the lowest prices with Fast & Free shipping on many items! ... Shop by category. Enter your search keyword ... B 00000098* 1988 A (B) $20 Dollar Bill Low Fancy Serial Number 2 Two Digit. Opens in a new window or tab. $1,700.00. peace115 (110 ...1934A. Green. $550 - $700. $1,000. $1,500. Contact us today if you have old paper money you are interested in selling for cash! FREE APPRAISAL. Old currency bills today are worth between $1 and $20,000 but can be worth much more depending on condition and other factors. See our full price guide.Serial bonds (or installment bonds) describes a bond issue that matures in portions over several different dates. Serial bonds (or installment bonds) describes a bond issue that ma...Lookup Current Market Values and Indentify Dollar Bill Errors. ... $20.-$65. $125.-$400.+ ... This resulted in part of the treasury seal and serial number being ...12 Varieties with Star Serial Numbers. See Also: If your note doesn't match try: 1. 1950 $20 Federal Reserve Note 2. 1950A $20 Federal Reserve Note 3. 1950B $20 Federal Reserve Note 4. 1950C $20 Federal Reserve Note 5. 1950D $20 Federal Reserve Note 6. 1950E $20 Federal Reserve Note: Example Rarity: Richmond, signatures Priest - Anderson with ...Prices for United States Small Size Paper Money. Approximate prices are listed below for the value of the most common U.S. small size paper money. Small size notes will have a letter after the date if the design was changed slightly or the signatures changed. If a sheet of notes was damaged or destroyed, it was replaced by a Replacement sheet.Is yours? Something like 01234567 or 87298349. Check Your Serial Number. Find out if your serial number is fancy or valuable.If you are lucky enough to own one of these notes, especially one of the more rare banks in uncirculated condition or a star variety, it could be quite valuable depending on the series. On average a 1928 $20 bill is worth $50 for a Very Fine (20-35), $80 for an Extra Fine (40-45), and $300 for a Choice CU (63).USPaperMoney.Info: Series 2017A $100. The numbers in the table are the first and last notes printed in the given month for the given FRB. Colors indicate notes printed at Washington, DC or Fort Worth, TX. All serial numbers in this series begin with P. Serial numbers above 99200000 are not used; thus for example PB99200000A is followed by ...Lookup Current Market Values and Indentify Dollar Bill Errors. US CA. Books/Magazines Events Auction. ... $20.-$65. $125.-$400.+ Miscut: Green: $40.-$60. $125.-$175.+ Insufficient Inking: Green: $50.-$90. ... This resulted in part of the treasury seal and serial number being printed over the sticker itself. That note sold through Heritage ...You can tell if you have a star note by looking to see if there is a star symbol at the end of the serial number. The 1990 $10 star notes are worth around $20 in extremely fine condition. In uncirculated condition the price is around $50-60 for notes with an MS 63 grade. ... 1988 Ten Dollar Bill 1985 Ten Dollar Bill.If you are lucky enough to own one of these notes, especially one of the more rare banks in uncirculated condition or a star variety, it could be quite valuable depending on the series. On average a 1928 $20 bill is worth $50 for a Very Fine (20-35), $80 for an Extra Fine (40-45), and $300 for a Choice CU (63).2013 FRN $1 Rare Fancy Near Solid Serial Number 19999999, PMG VERY FINE 30. $799.55. Free shipping. 10 watching. 2013 $1 FRN K00000001E P.M.G #30. $3,175.00. $4.00 shipping. 14 watching. 2013 1 dollar bill star note b series rare duplicate serial number. $150.00. $5.15 shipping. ... NEAR SOLID 82888888 Fancy Serial Number LUCKY 8's CHICAGO $20 ...1981 $20 Bill Serial Number Lookup. The serial number on the 1981 and 1981A series $20 bills consists of one letter, eight numbers and another letter. For example the federal reserve bank note above reads B41101740B and by checking this number with the Bureau of Engraving and Printing records, I can tell it was created in October 1982.Dec 11, 2023 · Categories US Paper Currency Tags $20 dollar bill errors list, $20 dollar bill watermark, 20 dollar bill serial number lookup value, fake old 20 dollar bill, how to check counterfeit money with pen, How to detect fake $20 bills at home, new $20 dollar bill, real 20 dollar billSERIAL NUMBER . Each note has a unique serial number. The first letter of the serial number corresponds to the series year. E = 2004 G = 2004A I = 2006 J = 2009 L = 2009A M = 2013 N = 2017. 1. FEDERAL RESERVE INDICATOR . Each note has a letter and number designation that corresponds to one of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks. The …3 Varieties with Star Serial Numbers. See Also: If your note doesn't match try: 1. 1977 $20 Federal Reserve Note 2. 1981 $20 Federal Reserve Note 3. 1981A $20 Federal Reserve Note 4. 1985 $20 Federal Reserve Note 5. 1988A $20 Federal Reserve Note$20 Note. Issued 1914 - 1990. All U.S. currency remains legal tender, regardless of when it was issued. 1914. The first $20 Federal Reserve note is issued. The note measures 7.375 x 3.125 inches and features . ... Serial Numbers. A combination of numbers and letters appears twice . on the front of the note.A letter and number beneath the left serial number identifies the distributing Federa, Serial bonds (or installment bonds) describes a bond issue that mat, Serial Number Range. Signatures Governor/Secretary to Treasury. $50. AA 23 - EA 23. 0, All $1 | Previous $1: Series 1988 | Next $1: Series 1993 Other, 1974 $20 DOLLAR BILL - TRINARY SERIAL NUMBER - A55222355A - BOSTON. $39.50, Item description from the seller. $20 Dollar Bill Fancy Serial Number 444080, Item description from the seller. $20 Dollar Bill Fancy Serial Number 44408080 ~ 2009. No, The first 20 dollar bill was issued in 1935, and featured a portr, 12 Varieties with Star Serial Numbers. See Also: If your note doesn&#x, USPaperMoney.Info: Series 1988A $20. The numbers in the tabl, 12 Varieties with Star Serial Numbers. See Also: If your not, Click the link above to search your Birthday Serial Number fo, And if you can turn a profit out of the bills in your pock, Series 1996 $20. Printed June 1998 through Septemb, 9 Varieties with Star Serial Numbers. See Also: If your note d, 4 Digit Low Date Serial # $20 Twenty Dollar Bill Star Note - ', Enter your search keyword. Advanced: Daily Deals; Brand Outlet; , Try to remember the physical characteristics of the person who pas.