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Math 2 formulas - Area and Perimeter Formulas. The area and perimeter of different polygons are based on the sides. Area: Area i

The physics formulas for Class 11 will help students excel in their examinations and pr

View Details. Request a review. Learn more The sum of the first n n even integers is 2 2 times the sum of the first n n integers, so putting this all together gives. \frac {2n (2n+1)}2 - 2\left ( \frac {n (n+1)}2 \right) = n (2n+1)-n (n+1) = n^2. 22n(2n+1) −2( 2n(n+1)) = n(2n+1)− n(n+ 1) = n2. Even more succinctly, the sum can be written as. \sum_ {k=1}^n (2k-1) = 2\sum_ {k=1}^n k ... x 2 = 1 and y2=3 y 2 = 3 into the formula for the gradient: m=y2−y1x2−x1=3 ... Equation of a straight line 2. Newcastle University Maths. Settings. Speed.Math Formulas. Profit Formula. Profit Formula. Profit formula is used to know how much profit has been made by selling a particular product. Formula for profit is majorly used for business and financial transactions. Profit arises when the selling price of any product sold is greater than the cost price (that is the price at which the product was originally …Sequence and series are the basic topics in Arithmetic. An itemized collection of elements in which repetitions of any sort are allowed is known as a sequence, whereas a series is the sum of all elements. An arithmetic progression is one of the common examples of sequence and series. In short, a sequence is a list of items/objects which have ...Apply the relationship of gradients of perpendicular and parallel lines to get equations of straight lines. Content. Gradient of a straight line; Equation of a ...Algebra is a part of Mathematics in which general symbols and letters are used to represent quantities and numbers in equations and formulae. There are two parts in algebra – Elementary algebra and Modern algebra (Abstract algebra). Algebra formulas for class 9 include formulas related to algebra identities or expressions.The Algebra 2 course, often taught in the 11th grade, covers Polynomials; Complex Numbers; Rational Exponents; Exponential and Logarithmic Functions; Trigonometric Functions; Transformations of Functions; Rational Functions; and continuing the work with Equations and Modeling from previous grades. Khan Academy's Algebra 2 course is built to deliver a comprehensive, illuminating, engaging, and ... Mathematics – Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables – Issue 2 – January 2021 © Pearson Education Limited 2021. Further Pure Mathematics FP1. Candidates ...LaTeX is a powerful tool to typeset math. Embed formulas in your text by surrounding them with dollar signs $. The equation environment is used to typeset one formula. The align environment will align formulas at the ampersand & symbol. Single formulas must be seperated with two backslashes \\. Area and Perimeter Formulas. The area and perimeter of different polygons are based on the sides. Area: Area is defined as the region covered by a polygon in a two-dimensional plane. Perimeter: Perimeter of a polygon is the total distance covered by the sides of a polygon. The formulas of area and perimeter for different polygons are given below:To find the sum of the natural numbers from 1 to n, we use the formula n (n + 1) / 2. For example, the sum of the first 50 natural numbers is, 50 (50 + 1) / 2 = 1275. What Are the Applications of the Summation Formulas? The summation formulas are used to find the sum of any specific sequence without actually finding the sum manually.Joven matemático resolviendo problemas y escribiendo fórmulas en la pizarra, vista trasera. Pizarra con ecuación matemática. números con tiza realistas en la pizarra. …The sum of the first n n even integers is 2 2 times the sum of the first n n integers, so putting this all together gives. \frac {2n (2n+1)}2 - 2\left ( \frac {n (n+1)}2 \right) = n (2n+1)-n (n+1) = n^2. 22n(2n+1) −2( 2n(n+1)) = n(2n+1)− n(n+ 1) = n2. Even more succinctly, the sum can be written as. \sum_ {k=1}^n (2k-1) = 2\sum_ {k=1}^n k ...The basic math formulas can be used to solve simple questions or are required to build up more complicated formulas. Here is the list of some basic math formulas. Algebraic Identities: (a + b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab, (a - b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab, a 2 - b 2 = (a + b) (a - b) Pythagoras Theorem: perpendicular 2 + base 2 = hypotenuse 2.Get the list of basic algebra formulas in Maths at BYJU'S. Stay tuned with BYJU'S to get all the important formulas in various chapters like trigonometry, probability and so on.You multiply the sum and difference of binomials and multiply by squaring and cubing to find some of the special products in algebra. See if you can spot the patterns in these equations: Sum and difference: ( a + b ) ( a – b) = a2 – b2. Binomial squared: ( a + b) 2 = a2 + 2 ab + b2. Binomial cubed: ( a + b) 3 = a3 + 3 a2b + 3 ab2 + b3.Math Article. Circles. Circles in Maths. In Maths or Geometry, ... The circle formula in the plane is given as: (x-h) 2 + (y-k) 2 = r 2. where (x,y) are the coordinate points (h,k) is the coordinate of the centre of a circle and r is the radius of a circle. Circle Shaped Objects. There are many objects we have seen in the real world that are circular in shape. Some …Linear algebra is a branch of mathematics that deals with linear equations and their representations in the vector space using matrices. In other words, linear algebra is the study of linear functions and vectors. It is one of the most central topics of mathematics. Most modern geometrical concepts are based on linear algebra.A Differentiation formulas list has been provided here for students so that they can refer to these to solve problems based on differential equations. This is one of the most important topics in higher-class Mathematics. The general representation of the derivative is d/dx.. This formula list includes derivatives for constant, trigonometric functions, polynomials, …L a T e X allows two writing modes for mathematical expressions: the inline math mode and display math mode: inline math mode is used to write formulas that are part of a paragraph; display math mode is used to write expressions that are not part of a paragraph, and are therefore put on separate lines; Inline math modeDe Broglie Wavelength Formula. Discount Percentage Formula. Beam Deflection Formula. A 4 B 4 Formula. Log Change Of Base Formula. Rectangular Parallelepiped Formula. Isosceles Triangle Formula. Complete list of Formulas Online. Check Formulas For Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry.Cuemath is one of the world's leading math learning platforms that offers LIVE 1-to-1 online math classes for grades K-12. Our mission is to transform the way children learn math, to help them excel in school and competitive exams. Our expert tutors conduct 2 or more live classes per week, at a pace that matches the child's learning needs.Math Handbook of Formulas, Processes and Tricks (www.mathguy.us) Algebra and PreCalculus Prepared by: Earl L. Whitney, FSA, MAAA Version 3.5 October 17, 2022Sum and difference: ( a + b ) ( a - b) = a2 - b2 Binomial squared: ( a + b) 2 = a2 + 2 ab + b2 Binomial cubed: ( a + b) 3 = a3 + 3 a2b + 3 ab2 + b3 Algebra's quadratic formula You can find solutions for quadratic equations by factoring, completing the square, guessing, or everyone's favorite — using the quadratic formula.The z test formula compares the z statistic with the z critical value to test whether there is a difference in the means of two populations. In hypothesis testing, the z critical value divides the distribution graph into the acceptance and the rejection regions.If the test statistic falls in the rejection region then the null hypothesis can be rejected otherwise it cannot be rejected.We already determined that an equation is two mathematical expressions that are separated by an equal sign. What this means is the addition, subtraction, ...Math Formulas. Statistics Formulas. Statistics Formulas. Statistics Formulas. Statistics is a branch of mathematics which deals with numbers and data analysis. Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. Statistical theory defines a statistic as a function of a sample where …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like point slope form, slope intercept form, difference of cubes and more. Statistics is a branch of mathematics which deals with numbers and data analysis.Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.The algebra formulas for three variables a, b, and c and for a maximum degree of 3 can be easily derived by multiplying the expression by itself, based on the exponent value of the algebraic expression. The below formulas are for class 8. (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2. (a - b) 2 = a 2 - 2ab + b 2. (a + b) (a - b) = a 2 - b 2. All those students need to do is to understand the concepts, learn all the necessary math formulas, apply these formulas according to the problem and then find the solution to that particular question. List of Maths Formulas for 11th Class. Here is a list of Maths formulas for CBSE class 11. Coordinate Geometry & Line Formula. Coordinate Geometry & Lines …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like point slope form, slope intercept form, difference of cubes and more. L a T e X allows two writing modes for mathematical expressions: the inline math mode and display math mode: inline math mode is used to write formulas that are part of a paragraph; display math mode is used to write expressions that are not part of a paragraph, and are therefore put on separate lines; Inline math mode Solution: (10 + 12 + 14 + 16) / 4 = 13. 2. Probability = Target outcomes / Total outcomes. This formula is specifically used to calculate the chances of something occurring from a set of possible outcomes. For example: A jar contains five blue marbles, five red marbles, and ten white marbles.Simple Interest Formula. The formula for simple interest helps you find the interest amount if the principal amount, rate of interest and time periods are given. Simple interest formula is given as: \ (\begin {array} {l}\large \mathbf {SI=\frac {PTR} {100}}\end {array} \) Where SI = simple interest. P = principal. R = interest rate (in percentage)Here are the list of formulas that are very useful in solving Algebra 2 problems. The n th term of the geometric sequence is, a n = a · r n - 1. Remainder Theorem: f (a) gives the remainder when the polynomial f (x) is divided by (x - a). Factor Theorem: If f (a) = 0 then (x - a) is a factor of f (x). The formula for slant height can be derived by the Pythagoras Theorem. Slant Height, l = √(r 2 +h 2) Volume of the Cone. We can write, the volume of the cone(V) which has a radius of its circular base as “r”, height from the vertex to the base as “h”, and length of the edge of the cone is “l”. Volume(V) = ⅓ πr 2 h cubic unitsAlgebra 2. OK. So what are you going to learn here? You will learn about Numbers, Polynomials, Inequalities, Sequences and Sums, many types of Functions, and how to solve them. You will also gain a deeper insight into Mathematics, get to practice using your new skills with lots of examples and questions, and generally improve your mind.Quadratics Formula. The formula for a quadratic equation is used to find the roots of the equation. Since quadratics have a degree equal to two, therefore there will be two solutions for the equation. Suppose ax² + bx + c = 0 is the quadratic equation, then the formula to find the roots of this equation will be: x = [-b±√ (b2-4ac)]/2a.Surface Area Formula . Surface Area Meaning \(S A=2 B+P h\) Find the area of each face. Add up all areas. \(S A=B+\dfrac{1}{2} s P\) Find the area of each face. Add up all areas. \(S A=2 B+2 \pi r h\) Find the area of the base, times 2, then add the areas to the areas of the rectangle, which is the circumference times the height. \(S A=4 \pi r ...Mathematics 30–2 Formula Sheet. Relations and Functions. Graphing Calculator ... = n(n – 1)(n – 2)…321, where n ∈ N and 0! = 1 n. P r. = (. )! ! n r n n. C r.Jan Attempt- Mathematics; JEE Main 2018 Question Paper. JEE Main 2018 - Physics; JEE Main 2018 - Chemistry; JEE Main 2018 - Maths; JEE Main 2017 Question Paper. JEE Main 2017 - Physics; JEE Main 2017 - Chemistry; JEE Main 2017 - Maths ... A quadratic equation is said to be any polynomial equation of degree 2 or an equation that is in the …Calculus. Calculus is one of the most important branches of mathematics that deals with rate of change and motion. The two major concepts that calculus is based on are derivatives and integrals. The derivative of a function is the measure of the rate of change of a function. It gives an explanation of the function at a specific point.Question 1: If a line makes angles 90°, 135°, 45° with the x, y and z-axes respectively, find its direction cosines. Solution: Let the direction cosines of the line be l, m and n. Here let α = 90°, β = 135° and γ = 45°. As we know, l = cos α, m = cos β and n = cos γ. Thus, direction cosines are: l = cos 90° = 0.To use integration by parts in Calculus, follow these steps: Decompose the entire integral (including dx) into two factors. Let the factor without dx equal u and the factor with dx equal dv. Differentiate u to find du, and integrate dv to find v. Use the formula: Evaluate the right side of this equation to solve the integral.Complex Numbers in Maths. Complex numbers are the numbers that are expressed in the form of a+ib where, a,b are real numbers and ‘i’ is an imaginary number called “iota”. The value of i = (√-1). For example, 2+3i is a complex number, where 2 is a real number (Re) and 3i is an imaginary number (Im). Combination of both the real number ...Common formulas (equations) used in statistics, probability, and survey sampling. With links to web pages that explain how to use the formulas.Algebra 2. OK. So what are you going to learn here? You will learn about Numbers, Polynomials, Inequalities, Sequences and Sums, many types of Functions, and how to solve them. You will also gain a deeper insight into Mathematics, get to practice using your new skills with lots of examples and questions, and generally improve your mind. In Mathematics, a limit is defined as a value that a function approaches the output for the given input values. Learn more about limits and their applications. Grade. Foundation. K - 2. 3 - 5. 6 - 8. High. 9 - 12. Pricing. K - 8. 9 - 12. About Us. Login. Get Started. ... Math Formulas. Calculators. Multiplication Tables. QUICK LINKS. Maths Games. Maths …A formula can also contain any or all of the following: functions, references, operators, and constants. Parts of a formula 1. Functions: The PI() function returns the value of pi: 3.142... 2. References: A2 returns the value in cell A2. 3. Constants: Numbers or text values entered directly into a formula, such as 2. 4.Mar 8, 2023 · Q2: Why is it critical to memorise Class 12th Maths formulas? Ans: Memorising the important formulas will help students in solving the questions easily and will assist them in scoring better marks in their Class 12th Math exam. Q3: What is the formula used for the trigonometric ratio integration? Ans: ∫sin (x) dx = -Cos x + C. ∫cos(x) dx ... The formula for the surface area of a sphere is A = 4πr 2 and the formula for the volume of the sphere is V = ⁴⁄₃πr 3. What are the Applications of Geometry Formulas? Geometry formulas are useful to find the perimeter, area, volume, and surface areas of two-dimensional and 3D Geometry figures. In our day-to-day life, there are numerous ...Chapter 2: Operations 15 Operating with Real Numbers (Absolute Value, Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide) 16 Properties of Algebra (Addition & Multiplication, Zero, Equality) …CBSE Class 10 Maths Quadratic Equation Formulas. For a quadratic equation, ax 2 + bx + c = 0. ax 2 +bx+c=0 where a ≠ 0 And x = [-b ± √(b 2 – 4ac)]/2a. Sum of roots = –b/a; Product of roots = c/a; If roots of a quadratic equation are given, then the quadratic equation can be represented as: x 2 – (sum of the roots)x + product of the ...The Differential Calculus splits up an area into small parts to calculate the rate of change.The Integral calculus joins small parts to calculates the area or volume and in short, is the method of reasoning or calculation.In this page, you can see a list of Calculus Formulas such as integral formula, derivative formula, limits formula etc. Since …Solution: (10 + 12 + 14 + 16) / 4 = 13. 2. Probability = Target outcomes / Total outcomes. This formula is specifically used to calculate the chances of something occurring from a set of possible outcomes. For example: A jar contains five blue marbles, five red marbles, and ten white marbles.Maths Formulas For Class 10 PDF 2/7 Where a, b, c, a, b, and c are all real numbers and a +b ≠ 0 & a + b ≠ 0 It should be noted that linear equations in two variablesTrigonometry is one of the important branches in the history of mathematics ... Use the formulas and table given in this article wherever necessary. Q.1: In ABC, right-angled at B, AB=22 cm and BC=17 cm. Find: (a) sin A Cos B (b) tan A tan B. Q.2: If 12cot θ= 15, then find sec θ. Q.3: In Δ PQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 30 cm and PQ = 10 cm. …At present I've gotten the notes/tutorials for my Algebra (Math 1314), Calculus I (Math 2413), Calculus II (Math 2414), Calculus III (Math 2415) and Differential Equations (Math 3301) class online. I've also got a couple of Review/Extras available as well.The Algebra 1 course, often taught in the 9th grade, covers Linear equations, inequalities, functions, and graphs; Systems of equations and inequalities; Extension of the concept of a function; Exponential models; and Quadratic equations, functions, and graphs. Khan Academy's Algebra 1 course is built to deliver a comprehensive, illuminating, engaging, and Common Core aligned experience! 6x + 5y = 30. Therefore the required equation of the line is 6x + 5y = 30. Example 2: Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line joining the points (4, -3, 2), and (2, 1, 5). Use the mid-point formula of analytical geometry in three-dimensional space.The Engineering Mathematics 2 Notes PDF and Study Materials are the essential study resources. The reference materials nurture and develop better preparation and assist students in obtaining good grades. Students can refer to the Engineering Mathematics 2 Notes PDF as per the latest updated syllabus from this article.Learn about and revise formulae and how to apply skills in substituting, creating and rearranging formulae with GCSE Bitesize AQA Maths.Ratio and Proportion Formula. Now, let us learn the Maths ratio and proportion formulas here. Ratio Formula. Assume that, we have two quantities (or two numbers or two entities) and we have to find the ratio of these two, then the formula for ratio is defined as; a: b ⇒ a/b. where a and b could be any two quantities.Math Article. Circles. Circles in Maths. In Maths or Geometry, ... The circle formula in the plane is given as: (x-h) 2 + (y-k) 2 = r 2. where (x,y) are the coordinate points (h,k) is the coordinate of the centre of a circle and r is the radius of a circle. Circle Shaped Objects. There are many objects we have seen in the real world that are circular in shape. Some …It will usually have: an equals sign (=) two or more variables (x, y, etc) that stand in for values we don't know yet It shows us how things are related to each other. Example: The …29 авг. 2023 г. ... So what formulas do you need to have memorized for the SAT math section before the day of the test? In this complete guide, I'll cover every ...Feb 15, 2022 · The formula helps you find your zeroes when your quadratic equation looks like this: ax 2 + bx + c = 0. To use this formula, plug in your a, b, and c values. Make sure to take the opposite of b, or negative b. You’ll solve the equation once using -b + √ (b 2 – 4ac), and once using -b – √ (b 2 – 4ac). The formula for the surface area of a sphere is A = 4πr 2 and the formula for the volume of the sphere is V = ⁴⁄₃πr 3. What are the Applications of Geometry Formulas? Geometry formulas are useful to find the perimeter, area, volume, and surface areas of two-dimensional and 3D Geometry figures. In our day-to-day life, there are numerous ... Area of the circle = π r 2; Area of the sector of angle θ = (θ/360) × π r 2; Length of an arc of a sector of angle θ = (θ/360) × 2 π r (r = radius of the circle) Surface Area and Volumes Formulas For Class 10. The common formulas from the surface area and volumes chapter in 10 th class include the following: Sphere Formulas Integration is the process of finding a function with its derivative. Basic integration formulas on different functions are mentioned here. Apart from the basic integration formulas, classification of integral formulas and a few sample questions are also given here, which you can practice based on the integration formulas mentioned in this article.We will follow BODMAS rule to perform operations as follows: Step 1: Simplify the terms inside ( ) to get 13+2 i.e. 15. Step 2: Divide the result by 5 , to get 3. Step 3: Multiply the result by -2 to get -6. Step-4: Add the result in 16 to get 10. Thus the final result is 10.To find the sum of the natural numbers from 1 to n, we use the formula n (n + 1) / 2. For example, the sum of the first 50 natural numbers is, 50 (50 + 1) / 2 = 1275. What Are the Applications of the Summation Formulas? The summation formulas are used to find the sum of any specific sequence without actually finding the sum manually.It is applicable with 2-D and 3-D geometrical shapes both. Using a specific mensuration formula from the many, we will able to solve the mensuration problems easily. So let us see these concepts of mensuration and their formulas. If a shape is surrounded by three or more straight lines in a plane surface, then it is a 2-D shape.Khan Academy's Mathematics 2 course is built to deliver a comprehensive, illuminating, engaging, and Common Core aligned experience! Absolute value & piecewise functions: Integrated math 2. Quadratics: Multiplying & factoring: Integrated math 2. Quadratic functions & equations: Integrated math 2. Irrational numbers: Integrated math 2. …High School Math Solutions – Quadratic Equations Calculator, Part 1. A quadratic equation is a second degree polynomial having the general form ax^2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and c... Free equations calculator - solve linear, quadratic, polynomial, radical, exponential and logarithmic equations with all the steps.Quadratic Formula To solve ax2 + bx+ c= 0, a6= 0, use : x= 2b p b 4ac 2a. The Discriminant The discriminant is the part of the quadratic equation under the radical, b2 4ac. We use the discriminant to determine the number of real solutions of ax2 + bx+ c= 0 as such : 1.This theorem is mathematically expressed as, h 2 = p 2 + b 2. Here, 'h' is the hypotenuse (longest side of a right triangle), 'p' is the perpendicular side, and 'b' is the Base. Once all the sides are known, the area of the triangle can be calculated using the formulas given above. Perimeter of Triangle Formulas1 июн. 2022 г. ... These formulas are especially important in higher-level math courses, calculus in particular. ... Use the power-reducing formulas to prove sin3(2 ...May 7, 2018 · But today, I go a step further and deliver my very own SAT 2 Math 1 & Math 2 comprehensive Cheat Sheet! These are all the facts and formulas you need to remember on test day, grouped together by topic. If you’re studying for Math Level 1, you only need to focus on the sections in dark blue, turquoise, and hot pink. Click the buttons to input a math formula or equation like on a pocket calculator. Chapter 2: Keyboard Input If you prefer keyboard input of math formulas, you can type directly into the input bar. Class 11 Maths Formulas: Straight Lines. Slope (m) of the intersecting lines through the points (x 1, y 1) and x 2, y 2) is given by m = y2−y1 x2−x1 = y1−y2 x1−x2; where x 1 ≠ x 2. An acute angle θ between lines L1 and L2 with slopes m1 and m2 is given by tan θ = ∣∣ m2−m11+m1.m2 ∣∣; 1 + m 1 .m 2 ≠ 0.The carrying capacity formula is a mathematical expression for the theoretical population size that will stabilize in an environment and can be considered the maximum sustainable population.Jan 21, 2022 · You multiply the sum and difference of binomials and multiply by squaring and cubing to find some of the special products in algebra. See if you can spot the patterns in these equations: Sum and difference: ( a + b ) ( a – b) = a2 – b2. Binomial squared: ( a + b) 2 = a2 + 2 ab + b2. Binomial cubed: ( a + b) 3 = a3 + 3 a2b + 3 ab2 + b3. Math Article. Arithmetic Progression For Class 10. Arithmetic Progression Class 10 Notes. CBSE Class 10 Maths Arithmetic Progression Notes:-Download PDF Here. ... /2. This formula is derived by treating the sequence of natural numbers as an A.P where the first term (a) = 1 and the common difference (d) = 1. Finding the Sum of First n Natural …“Algebra Formulas form the foundation of numerous most important topics of mathematics. Topics like equations, quadratic equations, polynomials, coordinate geometry, calculus, trigonometry, and probability, extensively depend on algebra formulas for understanding and for solving complex problems.” ... A+B+C Whole Square Formula- …Statistics. Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In other words, it is a mathematical discipline to collect, summarize data. Also, we can say that statistics is a branch of applied mathematics. However, there are two important and basic ideas involved in statistics; they ...The binomial theorem is the method of expanding an expression that has been raise, Using the slope formula, find the slope of the line through the points (0,0) and(3,6) . Use pencil , Area of the circle = π r 2; Area of the sector of angle θ = (θ/360) × π r 2; Length of an arc of a sector of angle , De Broglie Wavelength Formula. Discount Percentage Formula. Beam Deflection Formula. A 4 B 4 Formula. Lo, x 2 = 1 and y2=3 y 2 = 3 into the formula for the gradient: m=y2−y1x2−x1=3 ... Equation of a straig, Sum and difference: ( a + b ) ( a – b) = a2 – b2 Binomial squared: ( a + b) 2 = a2 + 2 ab + b2 Binomial cubed: ( a + b), This list was not organized by years of schooling but thematical, A Differentiation formulas list has been provided here , Researchers have devised a mathematical formula for calcula, Calculus 2 6 units · 105 skills. Unit 1 Integrals review. Unit 2 Integ, Feb 1, 2020 · Algebra Formulas. A basic formula in Algebra , High School Math Solutions – Quadratic Equations Calc, In smaller cases, it is possible to count the number of combina, Common formulas (equations) used in statistics, pro, All those students need to do is to understand the concepts, Maths Formulas For Class 10 PDF 2/7 Where a, b, c, a, b, and c are all, Free PDF download of Chapter 1 - Real Numbers Formu, 2 2 12 2 22 1 11 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 12 2 12 Confidence .